Tuesday 26 March 2019

Computer Books For Class VI - X

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Vikaspedia

One-Stop Access of E-Knowledge in Diffrent Regional Languages

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Continent and Nation at a Glance

Asia

About Asia: Asia is the largest and most populous continent in the world. It is composed of a wide variety of ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties, and governmental systems. Geographically the continent makes up 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area, and 29.5% of its land area. In the west, Asia is bordered by Europe, the eastern coastline of the Mediterranean Sea, as well by the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus Strait, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. In the east, Asia is bordered by the Pacific Ocean, and an almost endless stretch of bays and seas. The Arctic Ocean and a handful of seas front the northern border, while the Bering Sea separates Asia from North America. In the southwest the Red Sea and isthmus of Suez separate the continent from Africa. The Indian Ocean fronts most of Asia's southern borders, along with a series of bays, gulfs and seas, as well as extensive chains of both inhabited and uninhabited islands.

Area of Asia: 43,820,000 sq km

Population in Asia: 4,384,844,097 (in 2015)

Climate in Asia: Very varied, extreme in north, monsoonal in the south and east.

Major River in Asia: Bramhaputra, Obi, Yenisei, Lena, Amoor, Yang-tse-Kiang, Mekong, Ganges, Hwang-ho and Indus

Major Mountain in Asia: Ural Mountains, Caucasus, Altai, Khinghan, Thian Shan, Hindoo Koosh, the Himalaya Mountains, Karakoram, Alps, Western Ghats etc.

Nation belongs to Asia:

Europe

About Europe: By the end of the 15th century, great powers emerged in Europe, with England, France, The Netherlands, Portugal and Spain playing predominant roles in global affairs from the 15th century onward, especially after the beginning of colonialism. The European colonial period, the 1500s to the mid 1900s, was the era when the European powers mentioned above established colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. As people craved freedom across the globe, the European colonial era began to fall apart. Also damaging to the continent were World Wars I and II, as they were largely focused upon Europe. After the Berlin Wall came down on 1989, and after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Europe certainly changed for the better. European cultures and factions soon integrated, the Council of Europe was formed and the European Union (EU) blossomed in Western Europe. Today, Europe is a major economical and political center of power.

Area of Europe: 9,938,000 sq km

Population in Europe: 743,122,816 (in 2015)

Climate in Europe: Warm winds sweep freely across central Europe because the western edges of the continent are not shielded by significant mountain ranges. Consequently, those Atlantic Ocean winds in conjunction with the Gulf Stream, generally keep the European continent warmer than other locations at similar latitudes. In northern Europe summers are cooler and winters are longer and colder, with heavy snowfall. Eastern Europe is also cold in winter, but summers are frequently hotter than in the west. The Mediterranean region of Europe typically experiences hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. During the summer, 4 to 6 months without significant rainfall is the norm, as most of the precipitation falls during the winter months. Most of the rain falls in winter and early spring. In the foothills and higher elevations of Europe's central and northern mountain ranges, summer temperatures are cool, while winters run cold with significant snowfall.

Major River in Europe: Dvina, Pechora, Volga, Ural, Kura, Rhine, Neva, Neman, Elbe, Danube and Douro etc

Major Mountain in Europe: Mount Elbrus, Monte Shkhara, Mount Blanc, Mount Rosa, Kjolen Mountains, Apennines Mountains, Caucasus Mountains, Carpathian Mountains, Balkan Mountains, Ural Mountains etc.

Nation belongs to Europe:

Africa

About Africa: Africa, the planet's 2nd largest continent and the second most-populous continent (after Asia) includes 54 individual countries.

Area of Africa: 30,221,532 sq km

Population in Africa: 1,166,239,305 (in 2015)

Climate in Africa: Most of Africa is in the tropics, and except for the peaks of mountains in the Great Rift Valley, it never freezes. The continent's northern half is primarily desert or arid, while its central and southern areas contain both savanna plains and very dense jungle (rainforest) regions. Africa is the hottest continent on earth; dry lands and deserts comprise 60% of the entire land surface. The Sahara Desert is the world's largest hot desert. To the immediate south of the Sahara Desert in the Sahel region, drought and annual rains way below average are rather common, and major dust storms are a frequent occurrence. In the central African rain forests warm to hot climate conditions are the norm with very high humidity; Africa's heaviest rains fall in this area. Summers in Southern Africa can be quite hot, especially along the coastal areas. Inland in the higher elevations, temperatures do moderate. Winters are generally mild, with some light snow up in the hills and mountains.

Major River in Africa: Nile River, Congo River, Niger River, Zambesi River, Orange River, Kasai River, Lualaba River, Senegal River, Limpopo River etc

Major Mountain in Africa: Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Oku, Mount Meru, Jabel Marra, The Drakensberg, Atlas Mountain, Mount Elgon, Simien Mountains, Mount Stanley, Mount Keneya etc

Nation belongs to Africa:

North America

About North America: North America, the planet's 3rd largest continent, includes (23) countries and dozens of possessions and territories. It contains all Caribbean and Central America countries, Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, the United States of America, as well as Greenland - the world's largest island. Positioned in the planet's northern and western hemispheres, it's bordered in the north by the Arctic Ocean, in the east by the Atlantic Ocean, in the southeast by the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Area of North America: 24,474,000 sq km

Population in North America: 361,127,818 (in 2015)

Climate in North America: Weather varies dramatically across the North American landscape. Climates range from Arctic cold to Equatorial heat, and everything in between. Precipitation and temperature levels modulate dramatically depending on location. Severe weather in the form of thunderstorms is a normal spring and summer occurrence across North America. Devastating tornadoes are also common in the spring and summer months, especially in the central part of the U.S. From June through October hurricanes occasionally strike the Caribbean islands, northern Central American countries, Gulf of Mexico states, Mexico, and the eastern coastline of the U.S.

Major River in North America: Churchill, Brazos, Colorado, Columbia, Fraser, Mackenzie, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Rio Grande, St. Lawrence, Yukon etc.

Major Mountain in North America: Rocky Mountains, Alaska, Mount McKinley, Mount Logan, Mount Orizaba, Mount St. Elias, Mount Ranier, Mount St. Helens, Mount Elbert etc.

Nation belongs to North America:

South America

About South America: South America, the planet's 4th largest continent, includes 12 independent countries and 3 major territories; the Falkland Islands, Galapagos Islands and French Guiana. It is the fifth most populous continent falling below Asia, Africa, Europe and North America. The continent contains the world's highest waterfall, Angel Falls in Venezuela; the largest river (by volume), the Amazon River; the longest mountain range, the Andes, and the driest place on earth, the Atacama Desert in Chile. It includes the largest rainforest, the Amazon Rainforest; the highest capital city, La Paz, Bolivia; the highest commercially navigable lake in the world, Lake Titicaca; and, excluding research stations in Antarctica, the world's southernmost permanently inhabited community, Puerto Toro, Chile.

Area of South America: 17,819,000 sq km

Population in South America: 415,053,269 (in 2015)

Climate in South America: The conditions in South America are hot, humid and wet in the coastal regions of Colombia and Venezuela, and along the Equator and in the massive Amazon. In the far north, trade winds bring much-needed cooling relief to the coastal areas of Guyana and Suriname. In the northeastern areas of Brazil - the hottest region in the country. In the far south, conditions are subtropical, with some chilly mornings, fall and winter. Atop the Tropic of Capricorn daily high temperatures are exceptionally warm in summer, with only slight variations in winter. The coastal regions of Chile are generally dry and hot in summer, while fall brings cooler temperatures followed by heavy rains and mountain snowfall in winter.

Major River in South America: Amazon, Parana, Orinoco, Tocantins, Madeira etc.

Major Mountain in South America: Andes Mountains, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Sierras de Cordoba, Wilhelmina Mountains, Mantiqueira Mountains etc.

Nation belongs to South America:

Oceania

About Oceania: Oceania contains a wide variety of landforms, with most of the significant ones located in the countries of Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea.

Area of Oceania: 8,112,000 sq km

Population in Oceania: 39,359,270 (in 2015)

Climate in Oceania: The Oceania islands that border the Equator are warm and humid throughout most of the year. Along the Tropic of Capricorn, conditions are more seasonal. Australia, has an overall average temperature of 12.9 C, or 55 F. With low rainfall and humidity through much of Australia and winter temperatures barely dipping below freezing, the climate is quite moderate, although much of interior tends toward drought and extreme summer heat is quite common. The overall climate of New Zealand is influenced by two main geographic features: the mountains and the ocean. Although its northern reaches enjoy a temperate climate, weather can change quickly across the country as weather fronts and tropical cyclones travel through this region of the South Pacific frequently.

Major River in Oceania: Lake Gairdner, Lake Carnegie, Lake Taupo, Lake Murray, Murray River, Murrumbidgee River, the Darling River

Major Mountain in Oceania: Mount Kosciuszko, The Victorian Alps, Mount Bogong, Mount Feathertop, Mount Hotham, Mount Kembla, Mount Tallebudgera, Mount Kembla etc

Nation belongs to Oceania:

Sunday 17 March 2019

Famous Lakes And Rivers In India And World

Lakes

Lake Baikal (Russia) is the deepest lake of the world.One of the biggest and most ancient lakes of world is situated nearly in the center of Asia in a huge stone bowl set 445 m above sea level. Everyone who has been to its shores is impressed and charmed by the grandeur, size, and unusual might of this Siberian miracle of nature. Other important lakes in Russia are Lake Onega and Lake Ladoga.
Lake Eyre is a important lake of Australia.
Lake Onakal (Uganda) and Lake Aswan (Egypt) are man made lakes.
Lake Tso Sekuru located on the Tibetan Plateau is the highest lake of the world.
Lake Titicaca, located at the boundary of Bolivia and Peru is the highest navigable lake of the world.
The highest lake in India is Devtal, located at a height of 17,745 ft in the Garhwal Himalayas.
Dead Sea is the lowest lake of the world, its base is located 2500 ft below the sea level.
Lake Van (Turkey) is the most saline lake of the world, with salinity of330%. It is followed by Dead Sea (238%) Jordan, and Great Salt Lake (220% salinity) USA.
Caspian Sea is the largest lake of the world. It is a salt water lake. Ural and Volga rivers drain into it from the north, therefore its northern part is less saline.
Lake Victoria, forms the border between Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya.
Lake Nyasa or Lake. Malawi forms the border of Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique.
Lake Tanganyika forms the border of Zaire. Tanzania and Zambia.
Lake Superior is the largest fresh water lake of the world.
The nuclear test range of China is located near the lake Lop Nor.
Lake Chad forms the border of Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Camroon.
Lake Great Bear it is famous as Port Radium.
Lake Athabasca famous as Uranium City.
LakeVolta in Ghana is a largest man made lake.
Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela is famous for oil reserves.
Wular Lake: Wular Lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in Asia and the largest in India, is located in Jammu and Kashmir. It is measures 24 kms across and surrounded by towering mountains, The green water of the Wular Lake is an important natural habitat for fish, a rich population of birds and wildlife. Thousands of people living on its shores and elsewhere in the Kashmir valley depend on Wular Lake for fishing to earn their livelihood.
Dal Lake: The Kashmir valley is blessed with exotic natural beauty of landscape and water bodies, out of them one of the best is Dal Lake. Dal Lake is one of the most beautiful lakes of India and is the second largest in the J&K valley. This is one of the most famous lakes in India and an icon of the Kashmir tourism industry. Apart from the natural beauty, Dal Lake attractions are The floating gardens, colorful shikaras and houseboats. The east of Dal Lake was the residence of goddess Maa Durga. The Dal lake is situated in the beautiful city of Srinaga,Some of the most famous mosques are also located in Srinagar city to visit.
Loktak Lake: Loktak Lake is the largest freshwater lake in northeastern India, located in Manipur. It is also called the only floating lake in the world due to the floating phumdis. This ancient lake plays an important role in the economy of Manipur. It serves as a source of water for hydro power generation, irrigation drinking water supply and wildlife. The Keibul Lamjao National Park, which is the last natural refuge of the endangered sangai now found only in manipur.
Chilka Lake: Chilka Lake is the brackish water lake and is the largest coastal lake in India. The Chilka Lake in situated in Orissa and is Asia’s largest inland salt-water lagoon. Brackish water is water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as seawater. Chilika Lake, popularly known as Chilka, is the queen of natural scenery in the tribal state Orissa, also known as the Swiss-lake in the continent. Attraction of chilika lake are fishing boats, migratory birds and an entertaining baba. The beautiful chilka lake is paradise for the migratory birds.
Pulicat lake: It is a saline backwater lake lying along the Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh coast; part extending to Chengalpattu district of Tamil Nadu. It has an area of 481 sq.KM and it is the 2nd largest brackish water lagoon in India after Chilka lake in Orissa.

Rivers

The Ganga : The source of Ganga is at Gaumukh (the shape of the ice formation is like a cow's mouth), where the mighty river emerges from the depths of Gangotri glacier. The Gangotri glacier is situated at the height of4255 m above sea level and is approximate 24 km in length and 7-8 km in width. Here the river is known as Bhagirathi after King -Bhagirath. Rising in the icy caves of Gangotri glacier, the gushing , tossing and gurgling Bhagirathi starts its long journey downwards where later it joins river 'Alaknanda' and becomes Ganga. There are many legends associated with river Ganga, some of which are even mentioned in the ancient holy scriptures.
The Godavari : It is the only river in India that flows from western to southern India and is considered to be one of the big river basins in India. With a length of 1465 km, it is the second longest river in India after the Ganges river. .It is also known as "Dakshin ganga (Southern Ganges)" or "Budi Ganga". Godavari originates near Trimbak in Nashik District of Maharashtra state and flows east across the Deccan Plateau into the Bay of Bengal near Narasapuram in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh.
The Kavery : The origin of this river is traditionally placed at Talakaveri, Kodagu in the Western Ghats in Karnataka, flows generally south and east through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and across the southern Deccan plateau through the southeastern lowlands, emptying into the Bay of Bengal through two principal mouths. The Kaveri basin is estimated to be 27,700 square miles (72,000 km2)
Krishna River starts its journey in the Western Ghats at an altitude of about 1300 metres above sea level in Mahabaleshwar. The river passes through Sangli District and enters the sea in the Bay of Bengal at Hamasaledevi in Andra Pradesh. It passes through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andra Pradesh.
Narmada River : This river rises on the summit of Amarkantak Hill in Madhya Pradesh state .It traverses the first 320 kilometres course around the Mandla Hills, which form the head of the Satpura Range; then moves towards Jabalpur passing through the `Marble Rocks`, it enters the Narmada Valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, and moves westwards towards the Gulf of Cambay. It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat, and finally meets the Arabian Sea in the Bharuch District of Gujarat. Narmada River flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh 1,077 km (669.2 miles), Maharashtra, 74 km (46.0 miles)), 35 km (21.7 miles) border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra and 39 km (24.2 miles) border between Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat and in Gujarat 161 km (100.0 miles)).
The river Brahmaputra is one of the major river in the world. It originates from Mansarovar near Mount Kailash in the Himalayas, flows via Tibbet, China, India and Bangladesh to Bay of bangal. The total length it travels from Himalayans to the Bay is 2900 Km. In Tibbet the river is known as 'Tsangpo'. It follows the great Himalayans in its course till India with an avergae height of 4000 meters. It enters India in Arunachal Pradesh where it is called 'Siang'. It then flows down to the plains of Assam, where it is called Dibang. It joins with other two giant rivers, Dibang and Lohit.
The Mahanadi River rises in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh and then flows in the eastward direction, cutting a ravine in the Eastern Ghat. Before joining the Bay of Bengal at False Point through several channels, the river enters the plains of Orissa near Cuttack and forms a delta. This delta is one of the largest mangrove forests in peninsular India, and also a rice producing area. The term `Mahanadi` means Great River and it is truly one of the largest rivers in southeast India and the sixth largest in India. The Tel and the Hadso are the main tributaries of the Mahanadi. Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa share are drained by the Mahanadi.
Tapti is a river of western India and the history of this river starts with its origin in the Betul district. It rises in Betul district of Madhya Pradesh and flows between two spurs of the Satpura Hills, across the plateau of Khandesh, and thence through the plain of Surat to the sea. It has a total length of around 724 km. and drains an area of 30,000 sq. m. For the last 32 m. of its course, it is a tidal flow, but is only navigable by vessels of small tonnage; and the port of Swally at its mouth. The history of this river is closely associated with the Anglo Portuguese history. The upper reaches of the river are now deserted, owing to silting at the outflow of the river. The waters of the Tapti are usually not used for irrigation.
Yamuna River : The main stream of the river Yamuna originated from the Yamunotri glacier near Bandar Punch in the Mussorie range of lower Himalayas in the district of Uttar Kashi in Uttarakhand. Some say the source of the river is the Saptarishi Kund, a glacial lake. There is a sacred shrine of Yamunotri or Yamnotri, near this source at an altitude of 3235 m. The Tons and Giri rivers are the important tributaries of Yamuna and principal source of water in mountaineous range. The river Yamuna traverse a route length of about 1200 km in the plain from Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh to the confluence with river Ganga at Allahabad.
Nile River (4,132 miles 6,650 km.) : The Nile River is the longest river in the world. It has its origins in Burundi, south of the Equator, and flows northward through north eastern Africa, eventually flowing through Egypt and finally draining into the Mediterranean Sea. Three principal streams form the Nile. In Ethiopia's highlands, water flows from the Blue Nile and the Atbara. Headstreams of the White Nile flow into Lake Victoria and Lake Albert. The Nile River basin is immense and occupies an area about one-tenth of the continent of Africa. It includes portions of Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, The Sudan, and Egypt. It is estimated to drain an area of 1,293,000 square miles (3,349,000 sq. km.)
Amazon : The length of the Amazon River is approximately 6400 kilometres (4000 miles). The Amazon River is located in South America. It runs through Guyana, Ecuador, Venezuela, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Peru.
Mississippi-Missouri River : The Mississippi is the world's fourth-longest river at 3,870 miles, including the Missouri River. It flows from its source, at Lake Itasca, in Minnesota, to the Gulf of Mexico. It is the longest river in the United States. This river forms the Bird-foot Delta.
Rio-Grande : This river forms the border between the USA and the Mexico.
St Lawrence River : This river forms the biggest inland waterway of the world. Niagara Fall is located on this river.
Colorado River : World famous Grand Canyon and Hoover Dam are located on this river. Rhine River. This river forms the busiest waterway in Europe. This river is also called 'Coal River'. The busiest port of the Europe, Rotterdam, is situated on the mouth of this river.
Danube River : This river, originating from the Black Forest Mountains of Germany and flowing through the capitals of five European nations - Belgrade (Yugoslavia), Bratislava (Slovania), Bucharest (Romania), Budapest (Hungary) and Vienna (Austria) - falls into the Black Sea.
Volga River : This is the longest river of Europe. It originates from the Voldai Hills and drains into the Caspian Sea.
Niger River : The river Niger, draining into the Gulf of Guinea, is also known as the 'Oil River'.
Zambezi River : Victoria Fall and Kariba dam are located on this river.
Congo/Zaire River : This river intersects the Equator twice. Stanley and Livingston Falls are located on this river.
Amur River : This river forms the border of Russia and China.
Mekong River : This is the longest river of South-East Asia.
Murray-Darling River : This river originates from the Mt Kosciusko and is the largest river of Australia.
R. Limppo : This river which originates from the high velds of South Africa, cuts across the tropic of Capricorn twice.
R. Mahe : This river of India cuts across the tropic of Cancer twice.
Seine River: The Seine is a 776 km (482 mi)-long river and an important commercial waterway within the Paris Basin in the north of France. It rises at Source-Seine, 30 kilometres northwest of Dijon in northeastern France in the Langres plateau, flowing through Paris and into the English Channel at Le Havre.
Tigris River: River that was a boundary of Mesopotamia, or the "land between the rivers" (Tigris and Euphrates) The Tigris was the eastern of the two rivers and flowed from a source deep in the Armenian mountains all the way to the Persian Gulf, about 1,200 miles. Both rivers were the lifeblood of Mesopotamian civilizations, giving them water and a vehicle for their trade and defense.
Euphrates River: River that was a boundary of Mesopotamia, or the "land between the rivers" (Tigris and Euphrates) The Euphrates was the western of the two rivers and flowed from a source deep in the Armenian mountains all the way to the Persian Gulf, almost 1,800 miles. Both rivers served as means of defense and trade for every civilization in this area.
The Huang Ho River: The Huang Ho is the world's sixth-longest river at 3,395 miles. Its source is the Kunlun Mountains, in western China. Its mouth is the Gulf of Bohai. The river is called the Yellow River, named for the color of the silts that are carried downstream in its flow. The earliest civilization in China settled on the banks of the Huang Ho. Ever since, the river has been a source of life and death. The river has flooded so often that is has become known as the River of Sorrow. Possibly the worst flood in written history occurred in 1931. Between July and November of that year, the river overflowed its banks, flooding about 34,000 square miles of land completely and about 8,000 square miles partially. Entire villages and huge amounts of agriculture and farmland were washed away. About 80 million people were left homeless. Nearly 1 million people died in the flood itself and in the famines and epidemics that resulted from the flooding.
Rhine River: The Rhine River is 1,230 kilometres (760 mi) long. It is one of the longest rivers in Europe. The Rhine is an important waterway. Many goods are transported over the Rhine, and the Rhine valley is also an important wine producing region. The river Rhine begins at Tomasee, a lake in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland, and runs through Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands. It is also the border between Switzerland and Liechtenstein and also the border between Germany and France.
Irrawaddy River: Irrawaddy River, Burmese Ayeyarwady, principal river of Myanmar (formerly Burma), running through the centre of the country. Myanmar’s most important commercial waterway, it is about 1,350 miles (2,170 km) long. The river flows wholly within the territory of Myanmar. Its total drainage area is about 158,700 square miles (411,000 square km). Its valley forms the historical, cultural, and economic heartland of Myanmar.

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